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- <text id=93TT1196>
- <title>
- Mar. 15, 1993: Reviews:Books
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Mar. 15, 1993 In the Name of God
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- REVIEWS, Page 72
- BOOKS
- A Tale of Two Bombs
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>BRUCE W. NELAN
- </p>
- <qt>
- <l>TITLE: Heisenberg's War</l>
- <l>AUTHOR: Thomas Powers</l>
- <l>PUBLISHER: Knopf; 609 Pages; $27.50</l>
- </qt>
- <p> THE BOTTOM LINE: This is a fascinating if argumentative
- account of why Hitler never developed nuclear weapons.
- </p>
- <p> The Manhattan Project, America's prodigious World War II
- program to build an atom bomb, was set in motion by the fear
- that Hitler's Germany would produce the weapon first. Experts in
- the U.S. thought German science could have a lead in the race
- because a German chemist, Otto Hahn, had discovered nuclear
- fission in 1938. His countryman Werner Heisenberg was
- considered by many to be the world's leading physicist and was
- certain to be at the center of any Nazi A-bomb effort.
- </p>
- <p> But when U.S. scientific intelligence teams dashed into
- Germany in the final days of the war in Europe, they found only
- small experimental reactors incapable of even a self-sustaining
- chain reaction. Heisenberg had been working on them all right,
- but with little money or organization and on a part-time basis.
- Compared with the Manhattan Project, there was no German bomb
- program.
- </p>
- <p> In his superbly researched and well-written book, Thomas
- Powers proposes an explanation for the German failure. That his
- case is not entirely persuasive does not dull the book's
- fascination. It is a kind of police procedural, an examination
- of international intelligence gathering--the sort of material
- Powers handled so smoothly in his splendid 1979 look at Richard
- Helms and the CIA, The Man Who Kept the Secrets.
- </p>
- <p> The Nazi leaders seem to have had no idea what they should
- have been doing in the nuclear field and paid scant attention to
- what others were working on. The U.S. actually had the facts
- about the desultory German effort but were worried that they
- were a smoke screen. Heisenberg, a Nobel laureate already famous
- for his work in quantum mechanics, was drafted for the weapons
- program in September 1939. But serious work halted in June 1942
- when Heisenberg told Albert Speer, Hitler's war-production czar,
- that an atom bomb could not be produced fast enough to affect
- the outcome of the war. From then on, Heisenberg apparently
- wanted his old scientific friends in Scandinavia, Switzerland
- and the U.S. to know that Germany was working on power reactors,
- not bombs.
- </p>
- <p> Though he said he was "not 100% anxious" to provide Hitler
- with a bomb, Heisenberg never claimed he blocked the program out
- of moral compunctions. This book asserts he did: "He killed it,"
- Powers writes. It is a line of argument that has always upset
- Manhattan Proj ect scientists because it suggests that Germans
- who worked for the Nazis struck a superior moral stance. Readers
- need not agree with Powers. He provides plenty of evidence and
- argument on all sides of the issue.
- </p>
- <p> Heisenberg, who headed the Max Planck Institute after the
- war and remained active until his death in 1976, may have given
- his own answer on the day he learned of the atomic bombing of
- Hiroshima. In a remark picked up by a hidden British microphone,
- he said he and his team had not had the "moral courage" to ask
- for the thousands of workers and huge resources that would have
- been necessary. The price of failure would have been high for
- all of them.
- </p>
- <p> Powers tracks the elaborate and unceasing efforts of the
- American project directors to find out what was going on in
- Heisenberg's laboratories in Berlin and Leipzig. The great
- strength of his book is his ability to present precisely what
- the German team was doing and contrast it with the baseless but
- understandable American fears.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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